GREAT HORNED OWL HABITAT: Step out into the cool night air and listen for the owls calling. According to Wikipedia, these are adaptable birds with a vast range and are the most widely distributed true Owls in the Americas. Owls in Pennsylvania (9 Species with Pictures) There are 9 different species of owl that habituate in the state of Pennsylvania. Great Horned Owl Facts - International Owl Center ... Eyebrows are prominent and whitish. 1. That edition included a description of the great horned owl and gave it the scientific name Bubo virginianus because the species was first observed in the Virginia colonies. The pair are nesting in this cottonwood tree. 4. Where Do Great Horned Owls Live – Great Horned Owl Habitat If a Great Horned Owl moves into a Barred Owl’s territory, it will quickly vacate the area and move on, although likely not very far. Great Horned Owl Other males are forcefully excluded from their territory. Out of 155 Barred Owls studied, none of them ventured further than 6 miles away from where they were originally banded. The Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus is one of Canada’s commonest large birds of prey. What is an owl’s biggest predator? November 20, 2020. by Jack. Great horned owls are one of North America’s largest and most widespread owl species. Great horned owls can turn their heads 270 degrees either way when facing forward, but they can’t turn their heads 360 degrees. The size of their wingspan reaches from 13 to 52 inches. Rabbits and hares are a staple part of the diet in many regions, and This is the prototypical “wise old owl,” and the owl of cartoons and children’s books. The open sides and one end provided easy access to the nesting platform on the rafters inside. An owl cannot move its eyes so it turns its head – up to 270°! Wingspan: 4.6 feet. While it may not be much of a nest-builder, the great horned owl is fierce, while a bald eagle is laid back, some even say lazy. Average home ranges in various studies have been shown to be approximately 2.5 square kms. 4. Adult great horned owls range in length from 43 to 64 cm (17 to 25 in), with an average of 55 cm (22 in), and possess a wingspan of 91 to 153 cm (3 ft 0 in to 5 ft 0 in), with an average of 122 cm (48 in). Females are somewhat larger than males. 2003. The great horned owl, also known as the tiger of the sky, is the most dangerous of all owl species. Snowy Owl GREAT HORNED OWL SIZE: Height: Males 51 cm (20.0 in), Females 60 cm (23.6 in) Weight: Males 1304g (2.9 lb), Females 1509g (3.3 lb) Wingspan: Males 134cm (52.7 in), Females 143 cm (56.2 in) GREAT HORNED OWL RANGE: Found year-round in all parts of U.S. and Canada except far northern coastal areas . In the wild, the life expectancy of great horned owl is from 15 to 20 years. Its not so much the size of the great horned owl. In this article, I will detail just about everything you need to know about these magnificent raptors, including what they look like, what they eat, and how they live. They have large, feathered legs and toes. The most notable physical attributes are its large size and prominent ear tufts or "horns." The owl possesses powerful, solid legs, feet and claws. 5 Fun Facts. HABITAT: Dry, open grasslands. The Great horned owl is a round-faced bird with the distinctive horn-shaped feather tuft on the crown of its head, which is darker than the rest of its head, promoting the overall camouflage. Overall gray with dark markings. 1989. 1) The Great horned owl's large-headed, neckless silhouette and large ear tufts that resemble "horns" set it apart from all other owls in Maine. Large facial disk with dark rings and white “mustache” make yellow eyes look small and “staring”. Great Horned Owl – (Bubo virginianus) Weight: 3.2 pounds. Huge-looking owl that is mostly feathers. 3. Although very territorial in the breeding season, this owl will share common territory with others in the winter – crossing paths only occasionally. Great Horned Owl Facts For Kids. The length of the owl is 18 to 27 in (46 to 69 cm). The wingspan of great horned owl is 40-60.5 in (101-153 cm). Females being slightly larger than males, the average height of an adult owl is 22 in (55 cm). The average weight of great horned owl is about 3.1 lbs (1400 g). Identification: The Great Horned Owl is one of the most common owls in North America, found all across the continent.It has distinct features, due to its large size and coloration patterns. A Great Horned Owl is powerful enough to take prey 2 to 3 times heavier than itself. Early naturalists called the Great Horned Owl the \"winged tiger\" or \"tiger of the air\" because of its ferocity and hunting skills. The oldest recorded Barred Owl was at least 24 years, 1 month old. Great horned owls can and do attack humans, especially when they feel threatened or are defending their territory. Annual Nest Checks, 1997 - 2013 An overview of Great Horned Owl nesting activity, brood size, and nest departure is summarized This big owl (the second heaviest in North America after the Snowy Owl) is also called the \"hoot owl\" after its deep, booming call, which sounds like: Who's a-wake? Great Horned Owl – Bubo virginianus Description. -The Barred Owl is slightly smaller than the Great Horned Owl in size - Male and female plumage is identical throughout the year, but females can be about 30% heavier than males - Barred Owls maintain their territory throughout the year and are believed to maintain a … It has a wing span of 3 to 5 feet! Related Articles. Great horned owls will pair with a single mate for their life, unless that mate is killed, and will return to the same territory for a number of years. 1. BIRD OF THE WEEK: March 27, 2020 SCIENTIFIC NAME: Buteo regalis. It was banded in Minnesota in 1986, and found dead, entangled in fishing gear, in the same state in 2010. The great horned owl is an avian apex predator, and perhaps the finest predator to have ever lived. The color of these owls is obvious and they can be easily recognized by their ashy-grey color, with brown spots all over the body. Once this bird finds a mate, it becomes a permanent resident in its territory. These owls usually use a nest with an open top. The regal Ferruginous Hawk ranks as the biggest North American member of the genus Buteo, a group of stocky hawks with long, broad wings. A great horned owl Young Barred Owls can climb trees by grasping the bark with their bill and talons, flapping their wings, and walking their way up the trunk. After dark, you can identify it by its three to eight deep hoots grouped in a pattern such as “hoo h'HOO, HOO, HOO.” The tufts might help members of their own species to recognize each other among the forest around them, or they may use the tufts to blend into their surroundings, making them look … 1) Reproduction. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 26/3: 453-459. Thus in the creek bottoms south of Lawrence, Kansas, where one horned owl territory was often hemmed in on two sides by the ranges of other Similarly, the highest population of great horned owls is found at a height of 13,500 to 14,800 feet above the sea level in Peru. Great horned owls are usually 18 – 25 inches tall, have tall ear tufts, and large yellow eyes. The nest of the Great Horned Owl is usually an abandoned nest of a Red-tailed Hawk. but in summer, when there’s more food about, the area they use most shrinks to about 350 hectares. Great Horned Owl eggs and young may fall prey to foxes, coyotes and wild or feral cats. 1992). It also has enormous eyes as compared to other owls. The Great-Horned Owl can be found all across the United States and everywhere else in North America. In no ease did the size of the feeding range have a radius exceeding one-fourth of a mile in any direetio•n from the nest, but obviously the individual characteristics of … ranging in size from shrews and songbirds to skunks and geese. The iris is yellow. Instead of actual “horns,” great horned owls have feather tufts that they use for territorial displays. Location: North and South America and the Arctic. The 5 main species of owls that inhabit Wisconsin include the Barn Owls, Barred Owls, Eastern-screech Owls, Great Horned Owls and the Long-eared Owls. The Great Horned Owl and the Red-tailed Hawk often inhabit and hunt the same territory--the owl by night and the hawk by day. The barred owl (Strix varia)(Fig. Floor 22x22 inches; Side height 8 inches; No roof; 15-45 feet above the ground; Weave sticks and smaller twigs together to create a nest. A skier in Alberta learned this the hard way. Me too! It is named for the tufts of feathers that sit on top of its head, called plumicorns. Great Horned Owl. Since January 1st 2021, a pair of Owls have been investigating this nest box. Though common, great horned owls are rarely seen due to their nocturnal habits and excellent camouflage. Its breeding range extends from central Alaska across Canada to Newfoundland south throughout the Americas to Tierra del Fuego (A.O.U. Weight: 32.1-88.2 oz. … These “plumicorns” resemble horns or, to some, catlike ears. The Great horned owl has binocular vision due to its eyes, facing forward. READ [ Great Horned Owl Weight] Females are … This owl may also nest in tree cavities, or rock ledges. They have large round heads, and are typically a spotted brownish-gray with reddish-brown coloration on their faces and throat area (some will have a white v-shaped … The tarsal size is 54–80 mm (2.1–3.1 in). Each owl was banded with a U.S. Geological Survey alu- The Great Horned Owl, is native to the whole of North, Central and South America. • Four good field marks of a Great Horned Owl are its size, yellow eye color, ear tufts and white collar. A great horned owl can easily kill a 10 pound dog. Length: 18.1”- 24.8” (height) Wingspan: 39.8”- 57.1” Weight: 32.1oz – 88.2 oz. Their number 1 predator is the Great Horned Owl. This equates to 1 km radius around the nest when they are breeding and about 4 km radius at other times. Great horned owls use a sit-and-wait approach, watching from a perch and swooping on passing prey to seize it with their talons. It takes the throne as the largest owl, not only in Georgia but all of North America. Owls in Wisconsin have little need to venture far from home, because the state’s climate and prey are perfect for its 5 most common owl species! They have feathers that are thick and greyish brown in colour and their body is large in size for an owl. TREND: Increasing. 2. By Timothy Boucher Mainly nocturnal, they also have very large, yellow-to-amber colored, cylindrical eyes. Sometimes called hoot owls, great horned owls range in length from 17 to 25 inches, have a wingspan of up to five feet, and an average weight of 3.2 pounds. Then there is the great horned owl. These two owl species can be distinguished by their size (Great-Horned Owls are much larger than Long-Eared Owls), and also by the shape of their ear tufts. The gray owl of Canada is larger but weighs less. How Many Miles Is The Territory Range Of A Great Horned Owl? Overview. Young Great-horned Owls may fall prey to predators such as foxes, coyotes, or when very young, potentially other raptors or even crows. The second largest owl in North America, this massive raptor is capable of making a … Skulls as wide as 3cm are regurgitated whole. Great-Horned Owls’ ear tufts are widely spaced and face outwards, while Long-Eared Owls’ tufts stand close together and upright. Great-Horned Owls are large and will often take down other large raptors as prey. Though common, great horned owls are rarely seen due to their nocturnal habits and excellent camouflage. Their size, ear tufts, and eyes make them easily recognizable when seen during daylight hours. Large round head, fluffy feathers, and long wings and tail give appearance of huge body size, but actually smaller by weight than Great Horned Owl. Prey is killed almost instantly with the owl’s talons and foot pressure. These birds are of low concern in terms of conservation because their populations are healthy and robust. The great horned owl is a large owl with wide-set ear tufts, a reddish, brown or gray face, and a white throat. In most of North America, courtship is from October to December and mates are chosen by December to January. The great horned owl is the common species in North America. In captivity, their lifespan is usually from 25 to 30 years, with the oldest recorded individual reaching 42 years. Horned Owls Fact #4 is the most amazing one.. ... when it comes to the great horned owl, the females are always larger in size than the males. Depending on the owl’s habitat, size and species, foxes, snakes, squirrels, wildcats and eagles are all owl predators. Like the Barn Owl, the Great-Horned Owl is non-migratory and can be found in their range year-round. Found throughout the North and South America, the great horned owl measures around 18.1-24.8 in (46-63 cm). Great horned owls are one of North America’s largest and most widespread owl species. They have a wingspan of about 39.8-57.1 in (101-145 cm) averaging 122 cm (48 in). One of the most recognizable of all owls, The Great Horned Owl is a permanent resident of Illinois. The male great horned owl defends a territory ranging in size from a square mile to about 4 square miles, with the availability of prey and the location of other great horned owl territories being the main limiting factors. in 2019, the adult owls fed their owlets a wide variety of prey including rabbits, voles, mice, and birds. V19l 61 BAUMGARTNER, Territory in Great Horned Owl 275 The range of both male and female birds was checked carefully at four nests near Ithaca, New York. The territory for a mated pairs may range 1/3 of a mile to 2-5 square miles. The great horned owl is one of the biggest owls in North America, and they will use this size to their advantage. All have large yellow eyes. This Great Horned Owl nest is in Louisville, Colorado. The Californian population of a great horned owl is found at an elevation of 6,900 feet but those that live in Rockies make habitat at a height of 10,800 feet. The great horned owl is a bird of prey that feeds on a varied assortment of animal life. It does the majority of its hunting at night, preferring to feed on small mammals, such as rabbits, woodchucks, mice, rats, squirrels, and skunks. Great Horned Owls begin nesting very early in the A deep rusty brown and buff overall, this owl has large, golden-yellow eyes. The great horned owl is between 18 and 25 inches long with an additional 7 to 10 inches of tail. Aggressive and powerful in its hunting (sometimes known by nicknames such as 'tiger owl'), it takes prey as varied as rabbits, hawks, snakes, and even skunks, and will even attack porcupines, often with fatal results for both prey and predator. Diet – Great Horned Owls eat almost anything that moves, and will even eat carrion if need be. Now is as good a time as any, with the great horned owls on territory all year round, and typically issuing their announcements of the fact with increasing frequency as the season we call winter approaches. Pellets are dark greyish-black and compact. Territories. They feature a dark gray coloring combined with dark brown. Pellets are very large, about 7.6-10.2cm long and 3.8cm thick. Like other birds with a large geographic distribution, great horned owls tend to nest later in the year relative to the increase in latitude of their location. The Great Horned Owl’s conservation rating is Least Concern. The location of the ears is closer to the middle of the head too than outward like it is for other species of owls. They’re mostly white with black or brown markings. Geographic variation in size and reserve size dimorphism of the great horned owl in North America. The Great Horned Owl breeds throughout much of North, Central and South America The first time Paula and I saw a Great Horned Owl, was on its hunting territory on the Canadian prairies. The great horned owls usually hoot … The common foot span of a totally unfold foot, from talon to talon, is around 20 cm (7.9 in), as in comparison with Eight cm (3.1 in) in long-eared owls, 13 to 15 cm (5.1 to five.9 in) in barn owls, and 18 cm (7.1 in) within the Great gray owl. Snowy Owl Invasion! 2) is similar in size to the great horned owl, but has dark eyes, a thicker appearing neck, and no ear-tufts. A great horned owl’s diet consists of rabbits and hares, rats and mice, and voles. 1983). Out of 155 Barred Owls studied, none of them ventured further than 6 miles away from where they were originally banded. If a Great Horned Owl moves into a Barred Owl’s territory, it will quickly vacate the area and move on, although likely not very far. Some ornithologists (scientists who study birds) believe that owls form permanent pair-bonds. This species is territorial, and on average there will be one pair per 7-10 km2. Eyes are yellow, with blackish edged eyelids. These two owl species can be distinguished by their size (Great-Horned Owls are much larger than Long-Eared Owls), and also by the shape of their ear tufts. Description. Description: Snowy Owls are very large owls (nearly the size of a Great Horned Owl) with smoothly rounded heads and no ear tufts. This is made up of bones, skin, and fur or feathers. But the reason it rules in its territory is its ferocious hunting prowess. That’s because they reside in Maine and across the rest of the United States all year round. How Big Is A Great Horned Owl Territory? While they breed throughout North and parts of South America, this impressive nocturnal hunter is forever tied to the Commonwealth of Virginia. Photo by Linda M. Van Damme, Creston, BC, 10 May 1998. Great Horned Owls were monitored between 1997 and 2013 at this hayshed. The overall appearance may vary from one region to another. Length: 18.1-24.8 inch. Found almost throughout North America and much of South America is this big owl. It is the same size as the snowy owl which occasionally wanders down from the arctic. While it may not be much of a nest-builder, the great horned owl is fierce, while a bald eagle is laid back, some even say lazy. The great horned owl has no horns! Their number 1 predator is the Great Horned Owl. The great horned owl, Bubo virginianus, is the largest owl in North America and is a fierce predator to many mammals and other birds. No match for the owl. Some subspecies are paler. Can vary in color from rich dark-brown to sandy tan in arid country. 2. With a wingspan of almost 5 feet and powerful grip strength, great horned owls are strong enough to kill prey larger than themselves. Great horned owl chicks fledge in 6 to 9 weeks and achieve independence at 5 to 10 weeks. The great horned owl is 18-25 inches long and has a wingspread of 48-60 inches. The upper parts are mottled brown; the underparts are light with brown barring. So the great horned owls used the nest in 2004 while the eagle pair remained nest-less and nearby, Pelton reports. Great Horned Owl nest box dimensions. These owls are the Barn Owl, the Eastern Screech-Owl, the Great Horned Owl, the Snowy Owl, the Norther Hawk Owl, the Barred Owl, the Long-eared Owl, the Short-eared Owl and the Northern Saw-whet Owl. The Ogden Nature Center had an owl named Chitters, who was near 40 years before its spirit flew off. The Condor, 91: 777-786. Except in the extreme northern portion of its range it is a permanent resident. This large owl breeds every 2-3 years, skipping every third year. Ferruginous Hawk range map, NatureServe. Into Owl Territory. Great-Horned Owls’ ear tufts are widely spaced and face outwards, while Long-Eared Owls’ tufts stand close together and upright. >> After the Owl eats its prey, it coughs up little pellets (about the size of your thumb) that are parts of the animal that the owl could not digest. Competition: an interaction between organisms or species in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another.Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and … The owl has large, yellow eyes and powerful, taloned feet that are feathered to the ends of the toes. Great horned owls have the most diverse diet of any North American raptor, eating things like rodents, insects, and other birds. A hoot owl is an owl species native to Eastern North America. Red Bull Racing begon mee te doen aan het Formule 1 kampioenschap in 2005 en heeft van 2010 tot en met 2013 alle coureurs en constructeurs titels gewonnen. Great Gray Owls are distinguished from Barred Owls (Strix varia) by their much larger size, yellow eyes, bow-tie under the face, the lack of barring on the breast, and the better defined concentric rings on the face (Bull and Duncan 1993).Great Gray Owls are distinguished from their other closest relative, the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis), by many of the same physical characteristics, much … great horned owl, ( Bubo virginianus ), horned owl species that ranges from Arctic tree limits south to the Strait of Magellan. (Fig. Great Horned Owls have the widest prey base of any North American owl. 2. The largest species of owl is the Eurasian eagle-owl, which can reach the size of 60 to 70 cm long and weigh around 1.4 ounces to 4 pounds. This species was once thought to be strictly monogam… A powerful, mottled-brown predator, it is often more than 2 feet (60 cm) long, with a wingspan often approaching 80 inches (200 cm). A predator that hunts at night, this owl has enormous yellow eyes set in a broad face, a curved beak and claws, and long fluffy feathers. Scientific name: Bubo virginianus. Ferruginous Hawk. They take prey ranging in size from grasshoppers and other invertebrates to large hares, skunks, and birds including the Great Blue Heron. Size and color: The size of the great horned owl is somewhere between the size of a crow and a goose having a wingspan of thirty-five to fifty-one inches. Meiri, S., T. Dayan. Bulky , with ear tufts that may help in camouflage when roosting. The male and female of a breeding pair may perform a duet of alternating calls, with the female’s voice recognizably higher in pitch than the male’s. Common name: Great Horned Owl Latin Name: Bubo virginianus Field Marks: Length 22 inches Wing span 44 inches Large powerful owl. Source: wikimedia.org. Great horned owl range. The vast range of the great horned owl extends from the Arctic treeline in Canada and Alaska, south through the USA and Central America, and into South America (2) (7) (8). It is also sometimes recorded as a vagrant in Bermuda and Panama (7). The Great Horned Owl doesn’t really have horns, but rather ears that are large enough to give that impression. The latin name for Great-horned Owl is Bubo virginianus, because the species was first documented in the Virginia colonies in the mid-1700s by European naturalists. Snowy owls are bigger. As a general rule, however, the Great Horned Owl mainly depends upon medium-size mammals and birds, at least in Canada and the United States where its food habits are well documented. In the winter they can be up to 5,000 hectares (that’s 7,102 football pitches!) Females are up to 20% larger than males and may reach weights of nearly 5 pounds. Great Horned Owl nest platform dimensions overview. Great Horned Owls will form long term breeding pairs and a lot of the time these pairs will stay close to each other outside of the breeding season. Wingspan: 32.1-88.2 inch. Scientists don’t know why these owls sport the tufts, but they do have a few theories. From night observations in blinds it ap-peared that at dusk and again at dawn the male made a circuit about the limits of its domain, hooting from perches at several points in the territory. Great Horned Owls Songs. Territories are maintained by the same pair for as many as 8 consecutive years, however, these Owls are solitary in nature, only staying with their mate during the nesting season. They may also nest in large boxes with one open side. Owl Family Life: The Great Horned Owl is a year round resident. Their territorial song is a series of four or five deliberate, deep hoots. Found all across North America up to the northern tree line, Great Horned Owls usually gravitate toward secondary-growth woodlands, swamps, orchards, and agricultural areas, but they are found in a wide variety of deciduous, coniferous or mixed The plumage (feathers) of the great horned owl is very mottled. Wingspan: 39.8-57.1 inch. The great horned owl, of course, is one of the most recognizable birds in the Americas, with its pointy feather tufts (the “horns”) and large fluffy appearance. The Great Horned Owl can regurgitate a 3-4 inch pellet. Hopefully, they will acccept it and nest here this winter. These are big strong birds and your 10 pound dog would be semi-concious after they struck it once. I don't know if it could actually carry off the body but if you let it out at night alone it would look like a good snack to a large owl. Corynenbacterium endophthalmitis, glaucoma, and sceral ossicle osteomyelitis in a great horned owl (Bubo virgininanus). No match for the owl. Great Horned Owls are perhaps the most popular and vast spread owls in Maine and North America at large. 1. Gender was determined by the presence or absence of a brood patch, by body size and mass, and age (i.e., hatch year, second year, and after hatch year) was determined by molt characteristics. These owls are the Barn Owl, the Eastern Screech-Owl, the Great Horned Owl, the Snowy Owl, the Norther Hawk Owl, the Barred Owl, the Long-eared Owl, the Short-eared Owl and the Northern Saw-whet Owl. 1. This owl has long pointed ears that look like horns, which is where it gets its name from. He'd been away for two months and was making it … What owl goes hoo hoo hoo hoo? Their talons are capable of 300 pounds of crushing pressure. Description: The facial disc is rusty-brown to ochre-buff, paler around the eyes, with a prominent blackish rim on each side. So the great horned owls used the nest in 2004 while the eagle pair remained nest-less and nearby, Pelton reports. McGillivray, B. They achieve sexual maturity in 1 to 3 years. Length: 18.1 to 24.8 inches; Weight: 910 to 2500 grams Wingspan: 39.8 to 57.1 inches; The great horned owl is the king of owls in Georgia. Barn Owl home ranges are comparatively huge. In regions where horned owls are common the males do a great deal of competitive hooting from favorite perches in their territories. 3. a live Great Horned Owl as a lure (Hamerstrom 1963, Bloom 1987, Bloom et al. In some areas it is also called Phantom of the North, cinereous owl, spectral owl, Lapland owl, spruce owl, … In late autumn a male great horned owl sent his soft, deep hoots out from a stand of trees in Minnetonka. A landscape of wide open spaces and rolling hills, ideal for this large predator to hunt. Instead of actual “horns,” great horned owls have feather tufts that they use for territorial displays. They will swoop down to catch their prey with powerful feet and talons. NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL. Great Horned Owls advertise their territories with deep, soft hoots with a stuttering rhythm: hoo-h’HOO-hoo-hoo. Length: 7.1-8.3 in POPULATION: 110,000. Size and Weight. • The Great Horned Owl is referred to as “the tiger of the sky” because of its fierce nature and ability to capture a wide variety of prey that may be larger or heavier than the owl. (Fig. It usually eats small rodents and birds but has been known to carry off larger prey. The great horned owl weighs 3-5 pounds. The great horned owl is the most common owl of the Americas, easily recognizable because of the feather tufts on its head. Known formally as Strix varia, the hoot owl is also known as the barred owl. The great grey owl or great gray owl (Strix nebulosa) is a very large owl, documented as the world's largest species of owl by length.It is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, and it is the only species in the genus Strix found in both Eastern and Western Hemispheres. 11 Interesting & fun Great Horned Owl facts for kids that will surprise them. >> The Great Horned Owls’ call sound like “Hoo HooHoooooo HooHoo” The sounds can be heard miles away in a still night. In this area, these birds nest in trees, both deciduous and coniferous, often in mixed forests and sometimes in urban areas. The great horned owl is named for its large size (up to 24 inches tall, with a wingspan of 44 inches) and its long feathered head tufts (horns). All these species fancy choosing mountainous habitats. Identifying Trait: Feathery tufted “horns”. The Great Horned Owl is one of the largest, most powerful, and widespread raptors in North America.
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